Accessing mental health care can be a harrowing ordeal. Even if a patient finds a therapist in their network, their insurance company can overrule that therapist and decide the prescribed treatment isn鈥檛 medically necessary.
This kind of interference is driving mental health professionals to flee networks, which makes treatment hard to find and puts patients in harm鈥檚 way.
ProPublica sought to understand what legal protections patients have against insurers impeding their mental health care.
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Most Americans 鈥� more than of them 鈥� have insurance plans through . These are generally by federal law.
Although the law insurers to offer the same access to mental health care as to physical care, it doesn鈥檛 require them to on evidence-based guidelines or those endorsed by professional societies in determining medical necessity. Instead, when deciding what to pay for, the government allows insurers to set their own standards.
鈥淚f insurers are allowed to home bake their own medical necessity standards, you can pretty much bet that they鈥檙e going to be infected by financial conflicts of interest,鈥� said California psychotherapist and attorney Meiram Bendat, who in protecting access to mental health treatment.
Federal lawmakers who want to boost patient protections could look to their counterparts in states who are pioneering stronger laws.
Although these state laws govern only plans under state jurisdiction, such as individual or small-group policies through state marketplaces, experts told ProPublica they could, when enforced, serve as a model for broader legislation.
鈥淪tates are laboratories for innovation,鈥� said Lauren Finke, senior director of policy at The Kennedy Forum, a nonprofit that has for state legislation that improves access to mental health care. 鈥淪tates can take it forward and use it for proof of concept, and then that can absolutely be reflected at the federal level.鈥�
ProPublica reporters delved into the laws in all 50 states to determine how some are trying to chart new paths to secure mental health care access.
Many of the new protections are only just starting to be enforced, but ProPublica found that a few states have begun punishing companies for violations and forcing them into compliance.
Who defines what mental health care is necessary?
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Insurers generally face few limitations on how they define what kind of mental health care is medically necessary. They often create their own instead of relying on ones developed by nonprofit professional medical societies. These standards can then be used to challenge diagnoses or treatment plans.
鈥淜nowing the profit motive that insurers have, it鈥檚 really shocking that federal law doesn鈥檛 define medical necessity and require the use of nonprofit guidelines to make decisions,鈥� said Bendat, who helped California legislators draft that passed in 2020, becoming one of the first states to do so.
California鈥檚 law requires insurers to follow for mental health and substance use conditions, forcing them to rely on evidence-based sources that establish criteria, such as nonprofit professional organizations or peer-reviewed studies. The state also barred insurers from only the treatment of short-term or acute symptoms, such as crisis stabilization, instead of the underlying condition, like chronic depression.
Last October, California found health care organization Kaiser Permanente in and other health care regulations, reaching a settlement with the company, which agreed to pay a $50 million fine and make $150 million in investments in behavioral health care. A Kaiser spokesperson said that the company takes full accountability for its performance and that it had adopted new guidelines in line with the law. (Read their full .)
A spokesperson for the state鈥檚 Department of Managed Health Care said the agency is auditing insurers and determining whether their networks offer enough providers to serve customers and whether they deliver timely access to care.
Nine states, including , and , have defined the clinical standards or criteria that insurers must use when making coverage decisions on mental health care.
Amid the opioid crisis, which has Americans, states have also instituted medical necessity protections for substance use treatment. For example, in , , , and several other states, insurers must rely on guidelines from the American Society of Addiction Medicine when reviewing treatments for substance use.
How can insurers challenge mental health treatment?
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Before 2008, insurance companies nationwide could put more stringent limits on how often patients got mental health care compared with medical care, instituting more restrictive caps on the number of therapy sessions per year or the length of a stay at an inpatient facility.
The federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act banned those harder limits. So insurers shifted to a different way to deny care. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e not going to just cover unlimited care, so they have to do something to limit utilization,鈥� said Tim Clement, the vice president of federal government affairs at the nonprofit group Mental Health America.
Insurers say they conduct what they call , in which they can request and sift through therapy full of sensitive details, to assess whether providers are delivering appropriate care. However, providers, mental health care advocates and legislators have found that these reviews are often used as pretexts by insurers looking for a reason to dispute the necessity of treatment.
In recent years, at least 24 states have passed legislation to try to regulate how insurers conduct reviews of behavioral health care.
After the New York attorney general determined that insurers, including EmblemHealth, Excellus and MVP, had state and federal laws with their reviews, state legislators oversight of these processes in 2019. An Excellus spokesperson said it had since adopted several reforms; MVP did not respond to ProPublica鈥檚 questions, and EmblemHealth forwarded a response from a managed health plan trade group called the New York Health Plan Association, which said that the state鈥檚 findings do not reflect the industry鈥檚 current practices. (Read their full .)
The New York law to rely on criteria based on evidence and approved by the state when scrutinizing care. Peer reviewers, who work for insurance companies to medical necessity or appropriateness of care, must be licensed providers with relevant expertise in mental health. And when it comes to children, insurers are generally prohibited from requiring preapproval for their mental health treatment or conducting reviews during the first two weeks of an inpatient stay.
Last year, New York regulators that Cigna鈥檚 and Wellfleet鈥檚 medical necessity criteria were out of compliance with the new law. The insurers are allowed to keep operating while they work with the state to bring their criteria in line with the law, according to the state鈥檚 mental health office. (The companies did not respond to requests for comment.)
Several states, such as , and , make insurers disclose to patients and providers the criteria or policies that they rely on for reviews.
Insurers usually select the clinician conducting reviews, but in Illinois, if there鈥檚 a about the necessity of a treatment, a patient can opt for another clinical reviewer, jointly selected by the patient, their provider and the insurer.
Some states have also limited the frequency of reviews. In Delaware, insurers are generally from reviewing inpatient substance use treatment in the first 14 days. In and , for patients with autism, insurers cannot request more than one review annually for outpatient care.
What must insurers reveal about mental health care access?
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It can be hard to enforce the laws requiring for mental and physical conditions; doing so entails comparing very different kinds of health care and successfully arguing there is an imbalance in access. State and federal regulators also have minimal for such examinations, which has to scrutinize insurers.
To hold insurers accountable, at least 31 states and the District of Columbia have passed laws requiring them to report how much access they really provide to mental health care.
Most of these states ask insurers to provide details on their treatment criteria or limitations, but some states appear to be violating their own laws by not posting information publicly.
New Jersey鈥檚 Department of Banking and Insurance, for example, an insurer complaint log publicly available and post an insurance compliance report related to mental health care. But no such information has been published on its website more than five years after the state passed this requirement.
After ProPublica asked about the lack of transparency, spokesperson Dawn Thomas said that the department is working to implement the requirements and that the reporting process would begin this year. 鈥淲e recognize that the reporting provisions in the law provide important public insight into compliance of carriers,鈥� she told ProPublica in an email.
Chris Aikin, a spokesperson for the original bill鈥檚 primary sponsor, New Jersey Assembly Speaker Craig Coughlin, told ProPublica his office had been in contact with the department and would 鈥渕onitor their progress to meet reporting requirements and ensure full transparency for consumers.鈥�
For compliance reports, states often request data and analyses from insurers, but the figures that insurers submit may not be detailed or even accurate.
鈥淚鈥檝e reviewed a lot of these analyses,鈥� said Clement, who has helped advocate for greater insurer transparency in multiple states, 鈥渁nd in most states, they鈥檙e pretty bad.鈥�
But in some states, like Oregon, where detailed annual reporting is required, revealed a disproportionate number of insurance claims for behavioral health were out-of-network compared with medical claims, suggesting that people may have faced trouble accessing therapists covered by their insurance plans.
Its reports also found that mental health providers were paid substantially less than medical providers for office visits of equivalent length. For an hourlong office visit, a mental health provider was, on average, reimbursed about half the amount given to a medical or surgical clinician. A spokesperson for the state鈥檚 Department of Consumer and Business Services told ProPublica that there have been no investigations or enforcement actions in response to the new requirements.
鈥淭here鈥檚 no way we can feel confident that anyone is following the law unless we make sure there is accountability and they have to prove that they鈥檙e accountable,鈥� Clement said.
Other states, like New York, have begun to use the new data to drive investigations. Since 2021, the state鈥檚 Department of Financial Services has conducted nine investigations of seven insurance companies in response to the laws, according to a department spokesperson.
if they believe that an insurer is violating their rights.
This story comes from ProPublica, a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power.
Share your story: If you have submitted a complaint to a state insurance department that you would like to share with ProPublica reporters, reach out at mentalhealth@propublica.org.
ProPublica reviewed laws and regulations in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. If you see a state law that was not included, please send them a note.
of ProPublica contributed research to this report. Maps by 海角社区鈥檚 Connie Hanzhang Jin.
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